Medellin Sustainability - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1880 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Sustainability Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Medellin was one of the worst cities in the world in the 1980’s and 1990’s. This was due to an increased amount of illegal gang activity. The government in Medellin to change the environment for the better. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Medellin Sustainability" essay for you Create order The way they did this was by introducing some development goals that were set to decrease crime rates and improve total quality of life. Things that were done by the government were things like introducing new forms of transportation and fixing old ones. The government made these goals that connected with the 21st article in the United Declaration of Human Rights. The government has made lots of improvements but there can be more things done to further improve the quality of life for the people. Introduction Medellin has changed a lot since the 1980’s and the 1990’s. Back then there were crimes everyday and people dying daily. This was due to all the gang related activity happening there. Medellin is in Colombia where it is always warm weather there in colombia. This meaning that there is nothing to deter crime. In Medellin the temperature does not change a whole lot â€Å"During an average day in the city the temperature typically ranges from 63.2 to 82.1  °F†(Weather and Climate in Medellà ­n: The City of Eternal Spring. (2017, May 26). This means that even in the coldest months it is still not freezing cold. In places where the temperature changes and it becomes cold crime rates decrease because it can be too cold for crime to happen but this does not happen in colombia it is a constant weather year round however, in Medellin there are two rainy seasons where it can rain for most of the season. It can rain up to 21 days a month in those rainy seasons (Weather a nd Climate in Medellà ­n: The City of Eternal Spring. (2017, May 26) .Even with all the violence in Medellin the government decided to try to decrease the crime rates in medellin by introducing Development goals that had targets that they had to accomplish by a certain year. Medellin wanted to become more sustainable and to become more urbanized. In the development goal they have implemented a some different things to help decrease crime and increase the urbanization of Medellin. There has been lots of development goals happening in Medellin throughout the years. Past History Of Medellin In the 1980’s to the 1990’s Medellin was known as one of the most violent city in the world. This was due to all the illegal activities that were being done in the area. Gangs took over the area and created a lot of crimes at very high rates. Pablo Escobar was the leader of the gang that was fighting with the government. The cartel sells drugs â€Å"Medellin is one of the most violentcities in the world because of the cocaine cartel†(Farah, D. (1991, March 10). Drugs are a big market of selling because there are always going to be people who want a certain drug and are willing to pay top dollar for it. This is why the drug cartels are successful because people want what they have. The cartels have many people killed to protect themselves and everyone that works for them. According to a Medellin spokesperson they said that there were only 1200 deaths in that year. People did not believe him because lots of killings go left unreported so thereis a higher number of murders depending on who is asked â€Å"In 1990, according to police figures, 4,637 people were murdered in Medellin, up from 4,141 in 1989.†(Farah, D. (1991, March 10). There was an increased amount of people killed during the years in the 1990’s. Many people were dying at the hands of cartels in those years; however the Government wanted to change those statistics and decided to make development goals in wish of lowering crime rates and increasing urbanization. Problems In Medellin Problems in Medellin were mostly associated with all the gang activity that was happening at the time. These gangs killed thousands of people every month at gunpoint for what looked like to be no reason â€Å"in April, when killings surged to as many as 40 a day†Farah, D. (1991, March 10). This meaning that lots of people were dying daily this number is one of the highest numbers in the world. Another problem in Medellin is the environment this meaning that the way they live in is bad they have bad air quality and other problems. These problems includeâ€Å" significant problems associated with transport–such as energy consumption, air pollution, the excessive growth of car ownership, congestion, accidents† also things like bad use of green spaces or deterioration of green spaces amongst other things. What They Are Doing To Fix It The government in Medellin wanted to fix these problems and so they came up with a development goal to help accomplish the things they wanted to change. So they implemented â€Å"the Development Plan 2016–2019–‘Medellin is counting on you’†(Andrews, J. (2017, May 31).With this plan they wanted to increase the amount of transportation a person can use. In this planthey wanted to integrate the systems from a larger transportation system into their system to make it better for the people using it making it more widespread and accessible to the people who wanted to use it. Doing these things would increase the quality of life that the people felt and make the people overall more happy to live there. Things the government of Medellin plan to do â€Å"The city is looking to achieve infrastructure that favours the movement of people using non-motorised modes of transport;†(Andrews, J. (2017, May 31). This means that the government wanted to add more things like bikes and other ways of transportation that did not include motors and that would benefit the environment. Other things that would be done would be â€Å"Strengthening the use and culture of public Transportation†(Andrews, J. (2017, May 31). The government wanted to improve the conditions regarding accessibility and road safety of the population. By doing this not everyone will need a car and can rely more on the public transportation. This is good because with everyone having a car the streets were becoming more and more crowded and it became harder to move around. Another thing According to Andrews with everyone having cars this decreased the air quality in Colombia because there was more exhaust fumes coming out of cars because there were more cars around. How Medellin Is During The GoalMedellin is in the development goal right now ‘Medellin is counting on you’. With this goal they have increased the quality of life for the people that live there .The governments approach was †Medellin has successfully implemented an integrated and multi-sector approach that has included a combination of violence prevention programs†(Ijjasz-Vasquez, E. (2017, July10). They split of the city into different part s and looked at them individually and added what needed to be added to the city to make it better for the people whether it be crime prevention or something else. They did these things so they can make a better and more livable city for the people there. They implemented cable cars and added the system â€Å"MetroPlà ºs, which is fully integrated with the existing underground metro and cable car systems, EnCicla bike share†(Medellà ­n: A Leader in Sustainable Transport. (2014, September 04). This system helped the people get around the city of Medellin more easily than before because now they borrow a bike or take the public transportation which will reduce the congestion due to all the cars and increase the air quality. During the goal they have added and remade parks and green spaces â€Å"1.6million square meters of new public space, including 25 new parks and 11 new promenades.(Medellà ­n: A Leader in Sustainable Transport. (2014, September 04). The government wants to make the city better so people can enjoy living there. Before there was a bad system of transportation and lots of crimes. During the development goal the transportation system is beingupgraded and the crimes rates are being reduced. The car emissions were decreased a lot â€Å"Vehicle exhaust emission control and sulphur content improvement†(Sustainable Transport Award Medellin United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform. (n.d.). This meaning that thegovernment is making new laws for car companies. UDHR The development connects with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The development goal connects with Article 21 in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 21 states â€Å"Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly†(Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (n.d.). Therefore people can participate in the government themselves or have people that they voted for participate. So people going to the government to get bills passed and talking about things to do is participating in the government. People do not have to be elected officials to take place in the government. This is what the 21st article says, everyone has a equal right to participate. Conclusion/Solutions Medellin is already becoming better than it was in the past due to the government trying to make it better. Somethings that can be further done to improve the conditions for people who live in Medellin will be to further enhance the fuel efficiency of the cars that are driven for example like the public transportation and the privately owned cars. This will decrease the amount of exhaust that is produced and help to increase the air quality in Medellin. Another thing would be to add more green spaces and parks for people. By adding more public spaces forpeople life quality can be improved for people because they will believe that the government is trying to better the city. Colombia has done a lot to improve the overall condition that the people live in by â€Å"focusing on the improvement of public spaces, enhancing physical connectivity, and expanding education.†(Medellà ­n: A Story of Transformation. (2018, October 26). This means that people are becoming smarter because t hey are improving technology and public spaces and other things that make a person overall life quality higher. Citation Page Andrews, J. (2017, May 31). Why Medellin is counting on citizens to improve its sustainability.Retrieved from https://cities-today.com/why-medellin-is-counting-on-citizens-to-improve-its- Running Head: Sustainability In Medellin9sustainability/Ijjasz-Vasquez, E. (2017, July 10). How is Medellin a model of urban transformation and social resilience? Retrieved from https://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/how-medellin-model-urban-transformation-and-social-resilienceFarah, D. (1991, March 10). RECORD MURDER WAVE OVERWHELMS MEDELLIN. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/03/10/record-murder-wave-overwhelms-medellin/5e7f1080-1ea0-46e8-bfef-1ab4df9d53d0/?noredirect=onutm_term=.a2786f1db350How Medellà ­ns Most Crime-Ridden Area Became a Top Tourist Destination. (2018, April 11). Retrieved from https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/medellin-most-crime-ridden-area-top-tourist-destination/Medellà ­n: A Story of Transformation. (2018, October 26). Retrieved from https://blog.iese.edu/cities-challenges-and-management/2018/10/26/medellin-a-story-of-transformation/Medellà ­n: A Leader in Sustainable Transport. (2014, September 04). Retriev ed from https://www.itdp.org/2012/04/03/medellin-a-leader-in-sustainable-transport/ Running Head: Sustainability In Medellin10Sustainable Transport Award Medellin United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=2246Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/Warnock-Smith, A. (2016, May 13). Story of cities #42: Medellà ­n escapes grip of drug lord to embrace radical urbanism. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/may/13/story-cities-pablo-escobar-inclusive-urbanism-medellin-colombiaWeather and Climate in Medellà ­n: The City of Eternal Spring. (2017, May 26). Retrieved from https://medellinliving.com/weather-climate/

Law vs. Ethics - 828 Words

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The Leading Case Of Vines v ASIC 2006 Analyzed By Using IRAC

Question: Discuss about the Leading Case Of Vines v ASIC, 2006 Analyzed By Using IRAC Technique. Answer: Issues and facts Facts of the case Geoffrey Vines (The Appellant) was the auditor and a Charted Accountant and in 1995 he joined GIO Australia Holdings Limited (GIO) as a Chief Financial Officer. In 1998 (25th August), AMP Limited (AMP) announced a takeover bid of the shares of GIO. The board of GIO resisted the bid considering the same as hostile. Later on 16th December 1998, GIO published its Part B statement which contains the profit forecast for 1998-99 wherein the profit forecast for one of the subsidiary of GIO, GIO Re, was declared to be AUD$80 million. This forecast had a significant impact on the takeover bid. When the part B statement is being prepared by GIO, at that time (around 21-28 September 1998) GIO Re was hit by a hurricane Georges.(Wong) On the basis of these facts the ASIC has initiated civil proceedings against Mr Robertson and Mr Fox (two executives) and Mr Vines regarding the claims that are made in Part B. ASIC submitted that no reasonableness was taken while forecasting the profits of AUD$80 million for GIO Re and thus the directors are in violation of section 232 (4) of the Corporation Law. (Farrand, 2007) Based on these facts, the major that is raised is submitted herein under. Issue raised The major issue that was raised in the leading case was whether there is violation of section 232 (4) of the Corporationlaw by Mr Vines? If Yes, then to what extend he is liable as per the provisions of the Corporation law?(Dayman Kinsey, 2007) Relevant laws and principles The relevantlaw and principles that are applicable in order to resolve the raised issues are: (Allens, 2007) The analysis of section 232 (4) of the Corporation Law. The court while interpreting section 232 (4) of the Corporation Law submitted that the level of care that is required in the given statutory provision does not demand the level of care that is needed in cases of negligence. Whether there is reasonableness that was taken by Mr Vines and the other directors while including the profit forecast of $80 million for GIO Re in part B Statement after the Hurricane Georges. The issue of duty of care and reasonableness was dealt by the courts and there are various contraventions that are found to be incurred by Mr Vines. However, prior analyzing the decision of the court, it is important to find out the main arguments that are raised by Mr Vines to support his case. Arguments of the parties and analysis Arguments The main arguments that are raised by Mr Vines and submitted and analyzed herein under:(Farrand, 2007) Argument 1 The main argument of Mr Vine was that Austin J was in error in holding that he has violated section 232 (4) of the Corporation Law. Argument 2 Mr Vines argued that the liability that is imposed upon him under section 1317JA of the Corporation Law was not correct. He argued that section 1317JA grants discretion to the court to alleviate a person from the consequences provided such person should have acted honestly and considering the situation of the case such liability should be excused. Argument 3 It is argued by Mr Vines that the level of care that is required to be prove negligence on the part of Mr Vines in order to hold him liable for the violation of section 232 (4) of the Corporation Law is much higher when the same is compared in common law. he argued that thus to consider that there is breach of section 232 (4) of the Corporation law, the violation must be gross enough so that it become an issue of state interest and public concern. Analysis The arguments that are raised by Mr Vines are rejected by the court. The court submitted that the level of care that is applicable and is required under section 232 (4) of the Corporation law does not require any kind of higher level of negligence in the part of Mr Vine in order to hold him negligent. The arguments of Mr Vines were rejected and he was held to be in contravention of duty of care on his part. The basic reasons for the rejection are:(ASIC, 2007) That he made no attempt to let the due diligence committee be aware that he is fine with the truthfulness of the gains that are forecasted in part B statements; He provide no report or analysis which is the core reason for the forecast of profits that are made in the Part B statements; A statement was made by him on 9th November 1998 regarding the profits but statement is an incompetent declaration of confidence. He gave no opinion whether the forecast that is declared on Part B statement is achievable during the term of after the statements but prior the end of the takeover period. He authenticated a management sign off without indulging in adequate steps to guide the due diligence committee of GIO on the basis of the presupposition which form the basis of $80million profit forecast It is now important to analyse the court outcome and the conclusion. Conclusion and court outcome Court Outcome The court which lay down the final judgment was constituted by Spigelman CJ, Ipp and Santow JJA. The majority of the decision is provided by Spigelman CJ and Ipp JA and the Santow JA is of the minority opinion. The court of Appeal decided the case on 4th April 2007 and submitted that Mr Vine is in contravention of his duty of care as enshrined under section 232 (4) of the Corporation Law. The main outcomes of the court are submitted herein under.(Farrand, 2007) The grounds upon which it was considered that Mr Vines is in violation of his duty of care: The Forth Contravention Part B statements contains a heading Management Sign-off. Mr Vines put his signature under the head on 8th December 1998. The violation incurred when he put his signature on the management sign-off without taking any adequate actions to guide the due diligence committee of GIO of the reasons of his assumption that GIO Re will have a profit of $80 million. One of the reasons for the assumption of the forecast can be that there were chances that a retrocession policy with some another insurer (American Re) could be taken up by GIP Re which would transfer its risk that are incurred because of the Hurricane Georges. All the actions of Mr Vines were based on the agreement that is taken upon with American Re. But, on 7th December (one day before the signing of Part B statement), the auditors of GIO (PricewaterhouseCoopers) did not agree that the agreement with the insurer could be given an accounting treatment which is the basis of the profit forecast. Thus, on 8th December, Mr Vines did not disclose the true facts to the committee of the GIO Also, the court held that as per the terms of the sign off it is the personal responsibility of Mr Vines if there is any contravention of the duties. The Fifth Contravention When he quoted to the Due Diligence Committee that the profit forecast that is made is correct as per his views and he is comfortable with the same. But, this advice that is given to the Committee was not adequate. It was submitted by the court that no reasonable person would act in the manner in which Mr Vines has acted. There was no care and diligence that was undertaken by Mr Vines considering the circumstances in which GIO is operating. No reasonable person will gave an advice to the Committee considering the doubts on retrocession policy that had incurred. It is submitted that instead of giving his own advice and opinion, Mr Vines should have acted with reasonable care and should had disclosed the true facts to the Committee, all necessary information should had been provided. The Seventh Contravention When he gave no opinion whether the forecast that is declared on Part B statement is achievable during the term that is, after the statements but prior the end of the takeover period. On 9th December, AMO decided to increase the bid; however, there were no corrections that are brought in regarding the forecast that are made in Part B statements. It is observed by the court that post 8th December, Mr Vines does not indulge in ay action which would ensure and which would portray that the monitoring arrangements are carrying adequate at the divisional level and are checked by the senior corporate officer so that assessment can be made regarding future disclosures in the market. That Mr Vines was aware that the forecast regarding the GIO Re profits was not achievable and thus knowledge was not shared with the committee. The court also submitted that Mr Vines has not considered to have violated his duty of care on four occasions. The same are: The First Contravention when a statement was made by him on 9th November 1998 regarding the profits but statement is an incompetent declaration of confidence. The second and Third Contravention when he did not succeed in providing the information regarding the reasons because of which the forecast was calculated in a media report and the mail that is sent to the committee on 22nd November 1998. The Sixth Contravention the court also found that no duty of care is violated by MR Vines when he made observations/statements to the GIO auditor and submitted that GIO is not aware of any transaction that would result in believing the fact that the forecast that is made is misleading or incorrect. Conclusion The decision that is laid down in Vines v ASIC 2006) by Santow JA is matter of great significance mainly because: It is the case which has imposed the duty of care and diligence not on the directors of the company but the duty is imposed on a senior executive officer of the company who is also not the director of the company. The actions of the officer and the things that are said and done by him including furnishing advice was considered to be a failure on his part to carry out his conduct with adequate care and diligence which is required in the given circumstances. The skills that are cater by the senior officer was found to be not as per the statutory standards and thus was held to be in violation of section 232 (4) of the Corporation Law. It is necessary and it is the duty of the officers of the company that when information is provided by them to the shareholders of the company then it is necessary that before indulging in any kind of investment decisions it is necessary that all material aspects must be disclosed to the shareholders and it is only after the disclosure of all the relevant information any investment decision should be taken. When any information according as per the company officers is found to be inaccurate then it is his prime duty that such information prior given to the shareholders must be cached as to whether such information is complete or accurate or not. It is the duty of the senior officers that the completeness and accuracy of the information must be checked so that no decision is taken which is not in favor of the company and the shareholders; If apart from the shareholders there are any other persons or parties that are relying on the information then it is the duty of the officer that completeness and accuracy of the information must be checked; It is the most important duty of the officer that unless and until the senior officer is supported with evidences him must not make any declaration regarding the completeness and adequacy of the information upon which the shareholder or other partys are relying. Bibliography Allens. (2007). Mergers and Acquisitions. Retrieved September 22, 2017, from Allens: https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/ma/fomamay07.htm ASIC. (2007). 07-166 Court of Appeal reduces penalty for former GIO Chief Financial Officer. Retrieved September 22, 2017, from ASIC: https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/find-a-media-release/2007-releases/07-166-court-of-appeal-reduces-penalty-for-former-gio-chief-financial-officer/ Dayman, A., Kinsey, D. (2007, June). Vines: How much care and diligence is required by executive officers? Retrieved September 22, 2017, from Corporate Law: https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:eKnpA_rI3D4J:https://www.governanceinstitute.com.au/media/410293/care_diligence_executive_officers_vines_june2007.pdf+cd=8hl=enct=clnkgl=in Farrand, L. (2007). Vines v ASIC: The obligation of care and diligence of company officers. Retrieved September 22, 2017, from Piper Alderman Legal Update: https://www.piperalderman.com.au/__files/f/4017/PA%20eBulletin%20June%202007.pdf Vines v ASIC (2006). Wong, S. (n.d.). Forgiving a Directors Breach of Duty: A review of recent decisions.

Intranets Essays - Internet Privacy, Computer Networks, Intranet

Intranets These days Intranets are becoming more and more popular throughout the business world and other types of organizations. Many companies and organizations are already making this change and many more are considering it. The advantages offered by Intranets when compared to other types of networks are many, at a reduced cost for the owner. Less maintenance, less programming and more flexibility on the network platform make this change interesting. Unlike other types of networks, Intranets allow different types of machines and operating systems already at hand to be operating on the same network platform. This reduces the cost when trying to implement this type of network because the machines and operating systems already at hand can still be used throughout the network without conflicting with one another. Quick access and easy programming is also another consideration that is made when considering this type of network. Intranets have just started to be implemented throughout the world and already a big change is being noticed. Companies are keeping track of all of their important information on web sites, which are restricted to users, unless they have the security code to access them. Thanks to Internet technology, companies and other types of organizations are able to keep all of their information organized and easily accessible with a click of a button. The Internet, how has it changed the world around us? Government, education, business is all wrapping around it. Is this because of all of the information on it, simplicity or is it the quickness, with a simple point and click and the information appears on the screen. The first intention of the Web, as it is referred to, was not to create a sea of web servers and surfers. The Department of Defense created it for it's own use, to keep contact with all of the locations throughout the world, making it easier for them to retrieve and send information when desired. As businesses, government and education discover the advantages of the Internet and web technologies they are starting to implement it for internal use. This is better known as an Intranet, which represents a new model for internal information management, distribution and collaborative computing and offers a simplistic but powerful implementation of client/server computing. Intranets are private Web-based networks, usually within corporation firewalls, that connect employees and business partners to vital corporate information. Thousands of organizations are finding that Intranets can help empower their employees through more timely and less costly information flow. They let companies speed information and software to employees and business partners. Intranets provide users with capabilities like looking up information, sending and receiving e-mail, and searching directories. They make it easy to find any piece of information or resources located on the network. Users can execute a single query that results in an organized list of all matching information across all servers throughout the enterprise and onto the Internet. As recent as two years ago, Intranets didn't exist. Now the market for internal web-servers is rapidly increasing. Intranet technology is beginning to be used all over the world. Intranets present the information in the same way to every computer. By doing this they are doing what computer and software makers have been promising but never actually delivered. Computers, software, and databases are pulled together into a single system that enables users to find information wherever it resides. Intranets are only logically internal to an organization but physically they can span the globe, as long as access is limited to a defined community of interests. Countless organizations are beginning to build Intranets, bringing Internet and Web technologies to bear on internal organizational problems traditionally addressed by proprietary data base groupware and workflow solutions. Two-thirds of all large companies either have an internal web server installed of they are considering installing one. The organizations to use Internet technologies on the corporate network generally move traditional paper-based information distribution on-line. Other types of information that might be put on-line would be the following: ? competitive sales information ? human resources/employee benefits statements ? technical support/help desk applications ? financial ? company newsletters ? project management These companies typically provide a corporate home page as a way for employees to find their way around the corporate Intranet site. This page may have links to