Essay on Bertrand Russell - 5284 Words

Bertrand Russell Introduction Bertrand Russell was one of the preeminent thinkers of the 20th century. His work on mathematical logic laid the basis for a good portion of modern mathematics; his political thought was influential both in his time and after; and his philosophical thought is both complicated and highly intelligent. He is considered one of the two or three most important logicians of the 20th century. During his lifetime he was a high profile figure and grew to have a high degree of respectability -- in fact, he died at age 97, in 1970, so during his own lifetime he saw his own fame grow to immense proportions. He also fits Howard Gardners ideas on genius in many ways, although not all of them, as we shall see. But†¦show more content†¦It was a huge, daunting undertaking; along the way, Russell enlisted the help of his friend, Alfred North Whitehead, and the task of writing the book took over ten years. The book is complicated; exceedingly complicated, in fact. Russell biographer Ray Monk calls it almost totally incomprehensible, and Russell himself recognized that he had written a work that few in the world would ever read and fewer would understand. The three volume work, which is filled with symbols that Russell and Whitehead devised for the specific purpose of writing the book, doesnt even reach the occasionally useful proof of 1 + 1 = 2 until almost halfway through. On top of this, Russell ran into a paradox while writing the book. This paradox, called Russells Paradox, deals with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Attempting to construct such a set leads to an unavoidable paradox. It is analogous to the thought problem: If the barber is defined as someone who cuts the hair of those people who do not cut their own hair, who cuts the barbers hair? This logical problem dogged Russell incessantly and was a flaw in the architecture of Principia Mathematica. In fact, later in the century, the logician Kurt Godel proved that, as Monk puts it: there can . . . be no logical theory within which all truths about numbers can be derived as theorems; all logicalShow MoreRelatedBertrand Russell And The Greatest Philosopher1261 Words   |  6 PagesBERTRAND RUSSELL Bertrand Russell was born on May 18, 1872 into British aristocracy, In 1931 career centered on work as a philosophy professor, writer and public lecturer. He not only knew but worked with many dominant figures in the late 19th and 20th century as a philosopher, a mathematician, science as well as politics. Russell was arguably the greatest philosopher in the 20th century. Although Russell was a decent man he got most of his ideas from Gottolob Frege, a German mathematician, logicianRead MoreThe Value Of Philosophy By Bertrand Russell803 Words   |  4 PagesThe essay The Value of Philosophy by Bertrand Russell suggests that many â€Å"practical† people view philosophy as rather useless, because these people are – according to Bertrand Russell – operating both with wrong conceptions about the ends of life and wrong conceptions about what goods philosophy strives to achieve. According to Russell the value of philosophy is in what it does for the person who studies it. He makes the point that goods of the mind are as important in life as goods of the bodyRead MoreWhat Work Is Really For By Bertrand Russell1315 Words   |  6 PagesBert rand Russell author of, â€Å"In Praise of Idleness,† and Gary Gutting, author of, â€Å"What Work Is Really For,† both introduced persuading argument justifying their respective views on work and leisure. In the essay, â€Å"In Praise of Idleness,† Russell conveys a much more interesting case in which he shows his concern about the importance of leisure to the society. He believes by reducing our working hours from eight to four hours will give us more time for leisure which will in turn increase our creativityRead MoreBertrand Russell on Analytical Philsophy Essay example1129 Words   |  5 Pages - Bertrand Russell, The Philosophy of Logical Atomism. Bertrand Russell was born in 1872 in Wales, England as a member of a famous British family. He received a degree from Trinity Cambridge College with honors in Mathematics and Moral Sciences. His most famous works included the subjects of logic and philosophy, which were deeply rooted in his mathematics background. In fact, Russell is probably the most highly regarded and most read English-speaking philosopher of our time. Russell wasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Problems Of Philosophy By Bertrand Russell1907 Words   |  8 PagesBertrand Russell, was a famous British logician, mathematician, essayist, and philosopher. He has made many contributions on certain subjects, most notably the subject of philosophy. One of his most influential works in philosophy was the book â€Å"Problems of Philosophy†. In this book, he addresses certain philosophical issues that tend to be a problem in terms of what is true or false in our universe. In this essay, chapter one and two will b e analyzed. These chapters will explain Bertrand Russell’sRead MoreFamous Thinkers Essay Dr. King and Bertrand Russell1363 Words   |  6 Pagessimilarities in that allow them to hold the position a â€Å"famous thinker.† Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929-April 3, 1929) and Bertrand Russell (May 18, 1872-February 2, 1970) are two famous thinkers that are discussed in this paper. Each of these men changed the way people viewed the issues of the day through the creative process. King and Russell made identifiable contributions to society during an era of difficult social times. The subject matter of this paper will investigate dilemmasRead MoreAnalysis of Bertrand Russell ´s The Problems of Philosphy Essay1048 Words   |  5 Pages06455401 1) The philosopher Bertrand Russell in his work, â€Å"The Problems of Philosophy,† comes to some conclusions of the truth of objects in our world. Through questioning certain ideas and problems in our world, he breaks down what can know what really exists in the world and what does not. Russell, an empiricist, believes that through our sensory perception of our environment. However, our own individual perception can be skewed, and therefore is susceptible to err. Russell gives an example of threeRead MoreThe Problems Of Philosophy By Bertrand Russell, Ayn Rand, And Christopher Hitchens1778 Words   |  8 Pagespotential and utilized it to its fullest. In the following essay, three prominent philosophers; Bertrand Russell, Ayn Rand, and Christopher Hitchens. Each gives their insight to three important topics; the value of philosophy, using philosophy and its value, and the importance of freedom of speech. All of whom will be discussed, and agreement or disagreement will also be concluded and supported. Bertrand Russell’s essay â€Å"The Problems of Philosophy†, is in most ways an argument for the continuationRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Philosophy And Philosophy998 Words   |  4 Pagesbut philosophy has even formed practical human applications. Bertrand Russell details these applications created by philosophy in his work, The Problems of Philosophy. Russell details that the scientific revelations philosophy has can have the potential of producing many applications. The knowledge philosophy has produced has developed into many of the sciences of today. Russell explains that â€Å"the science of psychology† (Bertrand Russell 3) resulted from the questioning of what humans now call theRead MoreComparing Frege And Russells View On Proper Names1687 Words   |  7 Pages It is plausible to think of Frege and Russell as both being descriptivists about proper names. In what sense is that so? Why do they accept descriptivism? On the other hand, the two theories are very different. How so? Do you think Russell s view or Frege s view is superior? 2032431 Gottob Frege and Bertrand Russell are descriptivists, this is apparent with regard to proper names. I demonstrate how their theories are different from each other with respect to proper names, sentences

Intercultural Communication Understanding, Culture, And...

Intercultural communication is about distinctions and variances that refer to traditional, and everyday life. In this reflection paper I will display supporting factors that contribute to my understanding of cultures. I will present my understanding of my background, experiences, culture, and perspectives. In addition. give my understanding of acceptance and differences in background, experience, culture and perspectives outside of my culture by giving my understanding of cognitive and behavioral strategies and personal experiences that have been effective and ineffective in regards to intercultural communication. I have listed the order of importance to myself as it relates to intercultural communication. â€Å"I knew we differed culturally, but different isn’t wrong; different is merely different. Basically we’re all humans† (Deon Meyer). How the student understands his or her background, experiences, culture, and perspectives: My understanding of my own background or upbringing and what my parents and grandparents instilled in me is that rule number one everyone is created equal treat others how you would like to be treated. My culture is what has been determined to be an African American, I say considered due to the fact I did not originate from Africa but yet I am considered to be an African American. There are a number of â€Å"black† people residing in America and I can’t necessarily say that they are from Africa, but I do know from experience that African descendants areShow MoreRelatedIntercultural Mediation in a Postmodern World1717 Words   |  7 PagesThis presentation will focus on mediation and the very notion of intercultural mediator in a postmodern world. Mediation is the process of intercultural transformation for all parties involved and also a learning resource in newly constructed spaces of social interactions. Mediation refers to an intercultural spatiality (the socially produced space (Lefebvre 1991), which is not static but constitutive of social relations (Rick, 1997). Here it is useful to adopt Lefebvre’s unitary theory of spaceRead MoreIntercultural Communication : Communication And Communication1676 Words   |  7 PagesJasmin Starr-Mullins COM 440 W Final Term Paper Intercultural Communication The terms Culture,Globalization, and Communication are terms that we might hear quite often, but what is Intercultural communication? According to the dictionary, Intercultural Communication is often described as the interaction and exchange of communication between people of different cultures. Intercultural Communication dates back to the first interaction of mankind. Edward T. Hall, an American anthropologistRead MoreAnalysis Of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie s Ted Talk, The Danger Of A Single Story1237 Words   |  5 Pagesnarrative that surrounds only one perspective. The objective of her speech is to inform her audience that assuming something is true based on a single piece of information gives us incomplete and incorrect perceptions. Society is an accumulation of social stories, it is never just one thing. There are multiple, contingent and overlapping ways to experience and articulate cultural identity (Delgado, 2009). When we view a person or place from only one perspective, we assume one aspect of a story asRead MoreI Have Learned More About Myself By Exposing Myself Essay1048 Words   |  5 Pageslearned more about myself by exposing myself to different experiences. By doing so, my implicit biases, stereotypes and prejudices toward other groups have changed. I have found myself stepping out of my normal routines, which has given me a better understanding of people who are different from me and have led me to see how the stereotypes I had come to be. I have also learned more about myself by keeping those biases that I have in mind and taking the proper steps to correct them. Also I have learnedRead MoreNon-Verbal Communication and Inter-Cultural Communication Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pages Nonverbal communication is defined as the approach of conveying information and data by using speech, visuals, signs , behavior etc. Approximately 65% of the communication takes place through nonverbal attributes. Generally communication takes place with three steps. FIRST Is the thought or idea that comes in the mind of the sender. SECOND is the encoding which means sending message to the receiver in a particular gesture or sign or via a particular medium. THIRD is decoding of message which meansRead MoreUnderstanding Cultures And Intercultural Communication1512 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Understanding cultures and intercultural communication in terms of countries and nationalities is no longer relevant or effective.† Evaluate this statement, referring to relevant theories and using examples where appropriate. Student ID: 6749473 Academic subject: MSC Accounting and Financial Management Word count: 1511 Topicï ¼Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å"Understanding cultures and intercultural communication in terms of countries and nationalities is no longer relevant or effective.† Evaluate this statement, referringRead MoreIntercultural Communication At The Health Of Indigenous Australians Essay1301 Words   |  6 Pagesability to successfully communicate proficiently with other cultures is paramount. Intercultural communication is becoming increasingly important in the healthcare industry as many workers must learn how to communicate effectively with people from other cultures. For many businesses, effective intercultural communication stands to bring them increased business and profits; however, in the health care industry, effective intercultural communication carries greater importance as it affects patients’ physicalRead MoreThe Probability Of Having Effective Cultural Interaction1039 Words   |  5 Pagesthe probability of having effective cultural interaction and communication in a majority Muslim country and the Muslim community. This understanding of the cognitive and behavioral strategies that are most likely to result in effective intercultural communication thus helps to understand and/or accept the similarities and differences in the background, experience, culture and perspectives of individuals from a culture different that mine. This is the fourth most important dimension as it is seeminglyRead MoreHow I Can Improve Communication883 Words   |  4 PagesCan Improve Communication Well how do I go about improving myself in communication competence? Communication in relationships could make or break that relationship. Depending on a variety of factors to be effective at communication, one has to rely on the areas of self-awareness to include personality, values, habits, needs and emotions. In using these to develop a better understanding of how we ourselves communicate with others. We will be analyzing the intercultural communication competence byRead MoreInternational Companies and Intercultural Communication1309 Words   |  5 Pagesgained from intercultural communication can either be effectively or useless applied in the everyday experiences of International students. By now, it is obvious that the world is becoming progressively global. There is no doubt that this topic has attracted heated debates from various groups as it affects the multiplicity of cultures and international students. There is controversy between the two groups as some think that it i s helpful due to the development of their understanding and interaction

Success and Failure of the Civil Rights Movement Essay

The Civil Rights Movement had a lot going on between 1954 and 1964. While there were some successful aspects of the movement, there were some failures as well. The mixture of successes and failures led to the extension of the movement and eventually a more equal American society. Success was a big part of the Civil Rights Movement. Starting with the year 1954, there were some major victories in favor of African Americans. In 1954, the landmark trial Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka Kansas ruled that segregation in public education was unfair. This unanimous Supreme Court decision overturned the prior Plessy vs. Ferguson case during which the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine was created and abused. One year later, Rosa Parks and†¦show more content†¦Victory was seen months later when the same four students that initiated the movement were served at the counter. Prior to the sit-ins, youth showed their strength during the movement. The Little Rock Nine, a group of nine black high school students, were the first to integrate into an all white school in Little Rock, Arkansas. These nine students, despite being blocked from attending the school by the governor, showed how serious the United States was about educational integration; Pres ident Eisenhower himself issued an order for federal troops and the National Guard to make sure that the students made it to school safely. In 1962, success came in the form of James Meredith when he became the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi. Although he was also met with resistance, 5,000 governmental troops were sent by the president’s orders to dispel the chaos. SNCC or the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was formed in favor of youth and inspired by the SCLC. This organization gave young African Americans an important role to play in the movement and increased the peaceful, unified nature of the Civil Rights Movement. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee initiated events like â€Å"freedom rides† where student volunteers tested laws prohibiting segregation on public transportation and was not just for blacks, but other people with the sameShow MoreRelated The Civil Rights Movement and the Kerner Commission Essays142 3 Words   |  6 Pages The civil rights movement was a period of time when blacks attempted to gain their constitutional rights of which they were being deprived. The movement has occurred from the 1950s to the present, with programs like Affirmative Action. Many were upset with the way the civil rights movement was being carried out in the 1960s. As a result, someone assassinated the leader of the movement, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Many blacks were infuriated at this death so there were serious riots inRead MoreEssay on The Success of the Civil Rights Movement651 Words   |  3 Pagessignificant improvement in the lives of black people through the Success of the civil rights movement by the late 1960s, there were also some failures and aspects that the civil rights movement had not achieved. These failures were social, economical, political and cultural. These failures included the fact that some laws were not upheld. Black people saw this as an injustice and inconvenience and as a failure economically. There was unemployment to a certain degree amongstRead MoreHow far were the forces opposed to civil rights responsible for the failures of the civil rights movement in the 1960s?1574 Words   |  7 PagesHow far were the forces opposed to civil rights responsible for the failures of the civil rights movement in the 1960s? Historians argue how far the forces opposed to the civil rights were responsible for the failures of the civil rights movement in the 1960s. The CRM was a social movement attacking racial and social discrimination against Black Americans in the southern and northern states. By 1960 the southern states was desegregated. The problems faced in the south were different to those ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Bloody Lowndes1569 Words   |  7 PagesJefferies The Civil Rights Struggle Markà © C. Wrisborne AFTS/ HIST 3390: The Modern Civil Rights Movement Dr. Michael Williams November 13, 2017 Bloody Lowndes was written by a historian named Hassan Kwame Jefferies. The book details the African American struggles faced in the fight for freedom in the rural area of Lowndes County, during the1960’s. He examines different activist groups, the leaders within those groups, and their impact/ role played on the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreMartin Luther King Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Civil Rights Movement? Martin Luther King was an African-American Civil Rights activist, whose aim was to obtain equality between the races. He believed that this was best done using non-violence (inspired by Gandhi), and so he preached peace. Although he is widely recognised as the main face of the Civil Rights Movement, there were others who contributed in a crucial fashion to the progression of this movement. Rosa Parks, for example, ignited the match which set off the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreA Stone Of Hope : Prophetic Religion And The Death Of Jim Crow786 Words   |  4 Pagesface of the National Civil Rights Movement delivered, arguably, the most renowned and recited speech of the past sixty years. The infamous ‘I Have a Dream’ speech. In this historic moment, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr famously stated, â€Å"he was going back to the South with faith that his people could hew a stone of hope from a mountain of despair.† (1) An effort considered by many to be the greatest, most successful social movement in our nation’s history, the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s-60s usheredRead MoreThe Past Occurrences Of African Americans1202 Words   |  5 Pagessociety stemmed from several unsuccessful attempts that eventually resulted in victory. Slave revolts, pleas for emancipation, and bids for equal rights were never initially successful when they involved violence. Each early attempt failed quite miserably, however, those who persevered learned from past failures of violent displays, and eventually found success if they were to approach it appropriatel y. From its conception, the horrific institution of slavery in the United States faced several revoltsRead MoreSummary Of Agony And Ecstasy, By Lala Brooks1629 Words   |  7 Pages so I could not tell you how or what he kept of ours â€Å"(History of Rock). Their success was dimmed by Phil Spector. He expressed that in producing music, he was focusing on the sound, â€Å"I was looking for a sound, a sound so strong that if the material was not the greatest, the sound would carry the record† (Wikipedia). His goal was to make â€Å"little symphonies for the kids†, rather than genuinely caring for the success of his artists. As LaLa Brooks said, â€Å"He thought so much of himself that he didn’tRead MoreThe Reconstruction Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesThe Reconstruction Reconstruction is defined as the period following the Civil War in which the Republican-dominated Federal government sought to reunite the Union; the measure included drastically remodeling Southern society in order to secure equality and independence for blacks through granting them various freedoms. Many historians believe that in order to fully understand the modern United States, one must understand Reconstruction. Studying it, therefore, has beenRead MorePositive Impact Of The Civil Rights Movement1257 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement is the movement for equal rights for African-Americans. Throughout the years, people have used their first amendment right the speak freely and to protest. This has lead to change in America. That’s what citizenship is about, when you feel like something should be changed you can do something about. We’ve seen it happen in the past, when people want change, they will either express their opinion by voting for it on the ballot or do something larger than that like protesting

Group Communication Business Research Community

Question: Discuss about theGroup Communicationfor Business Research Community. Answer: Introduction The core purpose of this study is to emphasise the concept of group communication and groupthink by considering a specific case study. The study primarily zoncentrates on the groupthink in business with specific reference of Marks Spencers and British Airways case of the 1990s. Initially, the study establishes a theoretical knowledge regarding the groupthink which helps to understand the case study more effectively. Afterwards, the case study of Marks Spencer's and British Airways is manifested with relevant data and information. Along with that, the study also analyses the reason behind the operational failure of the chosen case study. Groupthink It has been found that the psychologist Irving Janiss publication of Groupthink phenomenon widely accepted in the business research community (Schafer Crichlow, 2010). Considering the statement of Sunstein Hastie (2015), it can be stated that groupthink takes place when a certain group makes faculty decisions. In this context, it is essential to mention that the group pressure deteriorates the moral judgement, reality testing, and mental efficiency of the individuals present in a group. Ntayi et al. (2010) criticised that groupthink leads people to take irrational actions which affect other people or the business where they are engaged. It is also mentioned that when the people in a group belong to a similar background, the groupthink results in a vulnerable outcome. In most of the organisations, the leadership techniques are incorporated in such a way so that the groupthink can be prevented in the workplace. Supporting the discussion, Kowert (2012) added that it is quite challengi ng for the managers to take effective actions for avoiding the groupthink. As per Janiss groupthink phenomenon indicates that cohesion is the primary antecedent for groupthink. In this context, it should be mentioned that two major types of cohesions are there that include task-based cohesion and interpersonal cohesion. As opined by Sunstein Hastie (2015), the interpersonal cohesion occurs from the personal relationship. On the other hand, the mutual commitment in a group might create task-based cohesion. Case Study of Marks Spencer's and British Airways in the 1990s The study considers the groupthink example from the corporate world. The case study of UK based organisations British Airways and Mark Spencer. In the period of 1990s, a negative impact of groupthink has been noticed when the two companies British Airways and Mark Spencer released globalisation expansion strategies (Riordan Riordan, 2013). As per the content analysis of media press release of Jack Eaton, the eight symptoms of groupthink were present during this period. Supporting the discussion, Redding (2012) represents these symptoms of groupthink are as below: Collective Rationalisation: Turner et al. (2011) stated that the collective rationalisation took place in this respective case study where the team thought that their decision is correct. However, arguments took place as groupthink directs the team to make a specific decision even if it is wrong. Peer Pressure Kowert (2012) opined peer pressure is another major symptom in the groupthink. In a context of the case study, it has been found that at the time when one or two persons decided to oppose the decisions of the entire team, he was told to leave the team. This indicates that the team pressure leads everyone to pursue the decision taken by the majority of the group. Complacency As per the discussion of Bnabou (2012), this particular symptom is noticed when the team is over confident about their decisions. At the time when the two companies British Airways and Mark Spencer has released the globalisation expansion strategies, they were confident that this would lead their business towards success. Tidd (2014) criticised that their globalisation strategies led to the fall of their reputation and stock market value due to their illusion of invulnerability. Moral High Ground Considering the discussion of Riordan Riordan (2013), it has been found that morality was superior to both of the respective companies British Airways and Marks Spencer. Their belief of not making an immoral decision was the reason that they avoid to identify all the potential failures. Stereotyped Views of Outsiders Turner et al. (2011) stated that he agreement of the groups is the reason that they think the outsider have inferior views. Censorship Turner et al. (2011) further opined that the groups chose to have some personal opinions which are the reflection of the culture where they worked. Self-appointed Mind Guards In words of Riordan Riordan (2013), it has been noticed that cohesion values reached beyond the value of making right decisions for these two companies. Illusion of Unanimity Tidd (2014) shared the statement that all members of the groups saw the unanimity and this was the reason that no one defended the decision taken by these two groups. Reason of its Operational Failure Among all the eight symptoms mentioned above, the most predominant symptom of groupthink was Illusion of unanimity' that caused operational failure of the companies (Riordan Riordan, 2013). In order to be more precise, both the organisations underestimated the activity of identifying potential risk during the years of their success when their business profitability increases. Turner et al. (2011) mentioned that this risk led them towards failure in the increasingly competitive market. It is also mentioned that the blue chips and darlings of the London Stock Exchange were considered by these companies. The wrong decisions were the major reason of the operational failure of these two companies. The share of British Airways and Marks Spencer dropped from 740 to 300 and 590 to less than 300 during the period 1998-1999 (Tidd, 2014). Conclusion The study concludes that groupthink leads a particular group towards a collaborative approach where everyone pursues the decision whatever the group is decided. There is no scope of delivering oppose views if anyone thinks the decision is not correct in respect of the business goal. The same things happened in the case of British Airways and Marks Spencer when they decided to incorporate globalisation expansion strategies. The study concludes that the companies underestimated the identification the potential risks in the challenging market. This was the prime reason of their operational failure. Reference List Bnabou, R. (2012). Groupthink: Collective delusions in organizations and markets.The Review of Economic Studies, rds030. Kowert, P. (2012).Groupthink or deadlock: when do leaders learn from their advisors?. SUNY Press. Ntayi, J. M., Byabashaija, W., Eyaa, S., Ngoma, M., Muliira, A. (2010). Social cohesion, groupthink and ethical behavior of public procurement officers.Journal of Public procurement,10(1), 68. Redding, R. E. (2012). Likes attract: The sociopolitical groupthink of (social) psychologists.Perspectives on Psychological Science,7(5), 512-515. Riordan, D., Riordan, M. (2013). Guarding against groupthink in the professional work environment: a checklist.Journal of Academic and Business Ethics,7, 1. Schafer, M., Crichlow, S. (2010).Groupthink versus high-quality decision making in international relations. Columbia University Press. Sunstein, C. R., Hastie, R. (2015).Wiser: Getting beyond groupthink to make groups smarter. Harvard Business Press. Tidd, J. (2014). Conjoint innovation: Building a bridge between innovation and entrepreneurship.International Journal of Innovation Management,18(01), 1450001. Turner, M. E., Pratkanis, A. R., Struckman, C. K. (2011). Groupthink refers to the extreme concurrence-seeking displayed by.The science of social influence: Advances and future progress, 223.